India to Launch Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)

  Editorial   Mar 7, 2025  Add to Reading List
India to Launch Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)

India's Digital Finance Transformation:

  • The rise of stablecoins and the RBI's e-rupee (Central Bank Digital Currency) are reshaping India’s digital finance ecosystem.
  • Stablecoins offer the advantages of cryptocurrency while maintaining stability by being pegged to traditional assets.
  • Digital currencies have the potential to reduce transaction costs by up to 50%, benefiting both businesses and individuals.

What is Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)?

  • A CBDC is a digital form of a country’s fiat currency, regulated by the central bank, and designed to replace cash.
  • It reduces costs related to printing, distribution, and storage, while addressing issues such as counterfeiting and theft.
  • CBDCs promote financial inclusion, streamline cross-border payments, and support a digital economy shift.

Types of CBDC (e-Rupee):

  1. Retail CBDC:
    • Aimed at consumers and businesses for retail transactions, functioning as an electronic cash alternative.
    • Key features include direct central bank liability, 24/7 availability, and real-time settlement.
  2. Wholesale CBDC:
    • Primarily for interbank transfers and wholesale financial transactions such as bond settlements.
    • Limited to select financial institutions for enhanced security and efficiency.

Benefits of CBDCs:

  1. Financial Inclusion:
    • Provides banking access to the unbanked through mobile wallets.
    • Offline capabilities enable transactions in areas with poor internet access.
  2. Lower Transaction Costs:
    • CBDCs can significantly reduce costs like printing and transporting currency.
    • A potential cost reduction of 15-17% per Rs 100 note.
  3. Improved Monetary Policy Implementation:
    • Real-time money flow monitoring enables precise policy interventions and ensures better transmission.
  4. Enhanced Transparency:
    • CBDCs provide traceable transactions, curbing financial crimes such as tax evasion and money laundering.
  5. Boost to Cross-Border Payments:
    • CBDCs streamline international transactions, reducing costs and processing time.
    • Projects like the m-CBDC Bridge improve remittance systems with near-instant settlements.
  6. Innovation in Financial Sector:
    • CBDCs foster fintech innovation, integrating with smart cities and IoT for micropayments.
  7. Crisis Management:
    • During emergencies like pandemics or natural disasters, CBDCs enable seamless welfare fund distribution.
  8. Support for De-Dollarization:
    • CBDCs reduce dependency on foreign currencies, enhancing economic sovereignty.

Challenges and Concerns with CBDCs:

  1. Cybersecurity Risks:
    • Increased risk of cyberattacks on centralized digital infrastructure.
  2. Implementation and Maintenance Costs:
    • High costs for developing and maintaining CBDC infrastructure.
  3. Impact on Commercial Banks:
    • Risk of deposits shifting to central bank accounts, affecting bank liquidity.
  4. Technological Readiness:
    • Technological infrastructure needs enhancement, especially in rural India, with limited internet access.
  5. Cross-Border Regulatory Issues:
    • Integration of CBDCs across borders faces regulatory and geopolitical hurdles.
  6. Macroeconomic Risks:
    • Risks of dollarization in small economies if foreign CBDCs dominate.

Rupee-Backed Stablecoins:

  • Rupee-backed stablecoins are pegged 1:1 to the Indian rupee, offering low-cost, fast transactions both domestically and internationally.
  • They complement CBDCs by addressing gaps in cross-border trade and enabling private sector innovation in decentralized finance (DeFi).
  • Stablecoins serve as a bridge between traditional finance, CBDCs, and the expanding digital asset economy.

Implementation Measures for CBDC in India:

  1. Strengthen Digital Infrastructure:
    • Expand broadband connectivity in rural areas and improve digital literacy through government initiatives like BharatNet.
  2. Ensure Cybersecurity:
    • Establish robust cybersecurity frameworks to protect CBDC systems from potential cyberattacks.
  3. Integrate with Existing Systems:
    • Ensure CBDCs seamlessly complement the existing banking and payments systems.
  4. Raise Public Awareness:
    • Launch awareness campaigns to educate citizens about CBDC benefits and usage, leveraging platforms like DigiDhan Melas.
  5. Develop Offline Capabilities:
    • Enable offline CBDC transactions using NFC-enabled smart cards or mobile wallets.
  6. Establish Global Interoperability:
    • Work towards cross-border CBDC integration and create standards for interoperability.
  7. Create a Clear Legal Framework:
    • Establish clear legal policies for liability, taxation, and consumer protection in CBDC transactions.
  8. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs):
    • Foster collaboration with fintech and blockchain startups to drive CBDC development and implementation.

Key Takeaways
India's journey toward adopting Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) and rupee-backed stablecoins represents a transformative shift in digital finance. While offering significant benefits such as enhanced financial inclusion, reduced transaction costs, and improved transparency, the successful implementation of CBDCs will require addressing challenges related to cybersecurity, infrastructure, and integration with existing systems. With strategic reforms, CBDCs can drive economic growth, foster innovation, and enhance India's position in the global digital economy.