Driving Innovation in Core Technologies

From the revolutionary Raman effect in 1930 to cutting-edge semiconductor advancements today, India has consistently proven its prowess in developing transformative foundational technologies. Yet, the country faces persistent challenges in translating these innovations into commercially viable solutions, often ceding the market advantage to global competitors. A lack of synergy between academia, industry, and government has left India heavily reliant on imports for critical technologies, underscoring the urgent need for a cohesive framework to bridge this gap.

What Does Foundational Technology Mean?
Definition: Foundational technologies (or core technologies) are critical and transformative tools that underpin innovation, economic progress, and national development.

Key Features of Foundational Technologies:

1. Building Blocks: They serve as essential components for creating diverse applications and advancements.
2. Broad Scope: Foundational technologies find utility in sectors like healthcare, defense, education, and manufacturing.
3. Strategic Relevance: These technologies significantly impact a nation's global influence, security, and economic capabilities.

Examples:

• Semiconductors: Integral to electronics, computing, and AI.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI): Powers machine learning, automation, and decision-making tools.
• Quantum Computing: Explores advanced computing capabilities using quantum mechanics.
• Cybersecurity: Protects digital systems and data against evolving threats.
• Space Technology: Includes satellites, launch systems, and interplanetary exploration.
• Green Tech: Renewable energy innovations such as solar panels, wind turbines, and hydrogen systems.
• Telecommunications: Enables advancements like 5G networks and fiber-optic communication.

Why Are Foundational Technologies Crucial for India?

1. Economic Advancement:
   Investing in technologies like AI, quantum computing, and semiconductors can bolster India's economy, create high-paying jobs, and boost innovation. For instance, the global AI market is projected to reach $900 billion by 2030, with India poised for growth through initiatives like the National AI Mission.
2. Strengthening National Security:
   Foundational technologies are critical for modern defense strategies. Cybersecurity tools, AI-based surveillance, and advanced drone technologies can fortify border security and counter cyber threats. For example, the Defence Ministry’s iDEX program has catalyzed innovations in anti-drone systems.
3. Reducing Import Dependency:
   India’s reliance on imports for semiconductors and advanced electronics constrains its strategic autonomy. Programs like Semicon India aim to establish domestic chip manufacturing capabilities, addressing the $110 billion global market gap by 2030.
4. Enhancing Quality of Life:
   Technological advancements in healthcare, education, and rural governance can revolutionize access and efficiency. Initiatives like e-Sanjeevani have already enabled over 276 million teleconsultations in rural India.
5. Driving Climate Sustainability:
   Renewable energy technologies, smart grids, and AI-powered climate modeling are vital for achieving India’s energy goals, including its commitment to 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030.
6. Fostering Entrepreneurship:
   With over 100 unicorns and 157,000 startups, India’s innovation ecosystem is thriving. Programs like Startup India empower startups to lead in sectors such as AI, robotics, and space tech.
7. Global Positioning:
   Foundational technologies enhance India’s geopolitical standing. Partnerships like the India-US iCET initiative or the Quad Semiconductor Supply Chain Initiative position India as a pivotal player in emerging tech.

Barriers Hindering Growth in Foundational Technologies

1. Low R&D Investment:
   At 0.65% of GDP, India’s research spending is far below global benchmarks, stifling innovation in critical fields.
2. Talent Deficit:
   A shortage of skilled professionals in areas like AI and quantum computing impedes industrial progress. Only 51% of graduates are deemed employable, according to the Economic Survey 2023-24.
3. Heavy Import Reliance:
   Over 95% of India’s semiconductors are imported, leaving critical industries vulnerable to global supply chain disruptions.
4. Policy Challenges:
   Inconsistent policies and bureaucratic delays deter investment and slow progress in key projects like semiconductor fabs.
5. Weak Academia-Industry Collaboration:
   Limited interaction between academic institutions and industry results in isolated research efforts with minimal commercial impact.
6. Insufficient Funding for Deep-Tech Startups:
   While consumer tech startups flourish, sectors like AI and space tech face significant funding gaps due to their long gestation periods.

Strategies to Propel India’s Foundational Technologies

1. Increase R&D Spending:
   Raise research funding to 2% of GDP and establish a National Core Technology Fund to support areas like quantum computing and semiconductors.
2. Build Advanced Infrastructure:
   Develop state-of-the-art facilities, including semiconductor fabs, AI testbeds, and quantum labs. Initiatives like the Bangalore Technology Cluster can attract global tech firms.
3. Skilling and Education:
   Align STEM education with industry needs and introduce emerging technologies into curriculums. Programs like Skill India can partner with global leaders to train professionals.
4. Encourage Domestic Manufacturing:
   Strengthen Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat by promoting domestic production of semiconductors, EV batteries, and green tech.
5. Foster Collaboration:
   Establish innovation hubs that connect academia, industry, and startups, similar to Silicon Valley ecosystems.
6. Strengthen Cybersecurity:
   Develop indigenous cybersecurity solutions to protect critical infrastructure and mitigate threats.
7. Leverage Global Partnerships:
   Expand collaborations under initiatives like iCET and establish tech alliances with countries excelling in specific domains, such as Japan for robotics and Germany for hydrogen tech.
8. Promote Sustainability:
   Invest in green technologies and circular economies, emphasizing e-waste recycling and renewable energy solutions.
9. Simplify IP Processes:
   Streamline intellectual property filings and enforce stronger IP protections to encourage innovation and attract foreign investment.
10. Support Gender Diversity:
    Empower women in STEM through scholarships, leadership programs, and mentorship, enhancing India’s talent pool.

Key Takeaways
To realize its vision of becoming a technology-driven developed economy, India must prioritize innovation, infrastructure, and talent development in foundational technologies. By fostering collaboration, increasing investments, and addressing systemic gaps, India can secure a leadership role in global technological advancements while driving sustainable and inclusive growth.